ANFS 101 FINAL

SWINE

1. Swine Industry
1. Breed Terminology
1. Sow- mature female pig
2. Boar- mature male
3. Gilt- young female
4. Barrow- young, castrated male
5. Pig/piglet- young swine
2. Fourth biggest in food animal agriculture
3. Purpose of:
1. Use surplus grains
2. Produce meat
3. Add value to grains
4. Efficient digestive system
5. Require high energy feeds
4. Stages of production
1. Feeder pig production (farrowing to weaning)
1. Farrowing herd
1. Produces a Feeder pig
2. 40 pounds, 8 weeks, weaned
2. Breeder herd
1. Sows and boars
1. Farrowing facility
2. Breeding/gestation facility
2. Baby Pigs
1. Nursery
2. High fuel cost; must be warm
2. Finisher
1. Feeder pig to finishing pig
2. 220-240 lbs; 5 months
3. Large amount of feed; produces large amounts of manure
3. Farrow-to-Finish Producer
1. Keeps pigs from farrowing to finishing
2. Integrated Corporate Production: Have own seedstock
4. Seedstock Producers
1. Sells breeding stock or show stock
5. Which structure used
1. Determined by resources
2. Fewer, larger farms
3. Confinement Production-
5. Breeds
1. Swine Breeds- used for carcass type
1. Lard Type
1. Used for lard
2. Not important anymore, rarely used
3. Very fatty
2. Bacon Type
1. Not common anymore
3. Meat Type
1. Leaner, more muscular
2. Used most often now
2. Mother Breeds
1. Emphasized for females
2. Reproductive traits
3. Used to breed crossbred females
4. Yorkshire, Landrace, Chester White
1. ALL white pigs
3. Carcass Breeds
1. Used more on sire side
2. Create large amounts of pork
3. Hampshire
1. Black and white
4. All around breeds
1. Ok at everything, not best at anything
2. Ex: Duroc
5. Synthetic Breeds
1. Reduction in influence of previously important breeds
2. Company specific pigs/feeds/etc.
3. Desired traits
4. THE PERFECT PIG- Symbol III
1. Barrow- 270 lbs in 156 days, 6.5 inch loin area
2. Gilt- 205 lbs in 163 days, 7.1 loin area
1. Grow slower, more muscular than male
3. 2.4 lb feed/lb gain
4. White pig
6. Crossbreeding Programs
1. All market hogs
2. Heterosis
3. Factors
1. Size of herd- multiple or single crossbreeds
2. Availability of replacements- young females to add to your breeding herd; buying them is ideal- only maternal traits in bred ones
4. Three breed rotation- produce market and breeding stock
7. Reproductive Management
1. New gilts brought in frequently
2. Sows produce ample milk for litter
1. Easy to synchronize heat
3. All-in-all-out process
4. A.I.
1. Genetically superior boars
2. Semen needs to be fresh
8. Challenges of pig farming
1. Behavior- intelligent; can escape from pens; dominance hierarchy; long memories
2. High reproductive rate- large litters b/c naturally high mortality rates
3. Managing nutrition
4. Herd health and biosecurity- large # of animals in one space
5. Waste disposal
6. Health myths- associated w/ high fats, etc.

HORSES

1. Industry
1. Purpose
1. Contribute quality to lives
1. Competition, leisure, youth education
2. Companion animals
2. Genetics
1. Scientifically generated info is minimal
2. Coat color- desirable colors, value in colors
3. Coat colors
1. Points- can be different than body color
1. Legs, mane, tail
2. Modifier genes
1. Influences the 3 main coat colors
3. Bay- brown w/ black points
4. Black
5. Chestnut- reddish-color, points same color as the body
6. Genetics
1. Gene G
1. Grey horses
2. Usually grey as they age
2. Gene E
1. Controls presence or absence of black hair on either body or points
3. Gene A
1. Controls distribution of black hair- if horse is bay OR black
2. Gene A restricts black to points, aa causes no restriction
4. Gene W
1. Unable to form pigment; leads to white horse
5. Diluting Gene C
1. Cream horse
2. Gene C is chestnut
6. Gene D
1. Dun
2. Black stripe
7. Gene RN
1. Roan
2. White hair mixed w/ color, points colored
8. Gene APL
1. Appaloosa
2. Pattern caused by modifier genes
9. Spotting patterns
4. Breeds of Horses
1. Draft
1. Coldblooded
2. Heavy
3. Shire, Belgian, American Spotted Draft
2. Light
1. Hot/warmbloods
2. Smaller
3. Lighter bodytype
4. Morgan, Arabian, Mustang, Hanoverian, Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, StandardbreedPonies
5. >14.2 hands
6. Welsh Pony, Shetland Pony, Chincoteague Pony, Miniature
5. Gaits of the Horse
1. Walk
1. Slow, 4 beat
2. Trot
1. Intermediate, 2 beat, diagonal
3. Canter
1. Slow-medium
2. Restrained
3. 3 beat, 2 diagonals
4. Gallop
1. Fastest
2. 4 beat
5. Pace
1. Fast
2. 2 beat
3. Same side
4. Harness racing
6. Reproductive Challenges
1. Fairly Infertile
1. Not selected for breeding
2. Seasonally polyestrous
1. Long day breeders
2. Mid-Fed-Mid-Nov
3. Heat detection- urination, winking vulva, squatting
4. Overbooked stallions
5. Human inexperience in breeding
7. Nutrition Challenges
1. Poor choices cause horses to stop eating
1. Economic Loss
2. Emotional Trauma
2. Oats are not cost effective
3. Magic Dust- costly
4. Monogastric w/ functional cecum
5. Continuous eater
6. Body conditioning scale
7. Overfeeding
8. Parasites
9. Water
8. Health Challenges
1. Colic
1. Painful digestive disturbance involving digestive tract
2. Caused by change in diet, lack of H2O
2. Laminitis
1. Inflammation or damage to sensitive laminae of hoof
9. Issues
1. Equine slaughter
1. Large # of unwanted slaughter
2. What to do with carcass
3. Nutrient management
4. Changing role from livestock to companion

DAIRY

1. Dairy Industry
1. Third biggest industry
2. Purpose
1. Make use of resources humans can't
1. Forages, food by-products
2. Produce food efficiently
3. Structure and Location
1. Trend toward fewer, larger operations
2. Western US
3. More milk being produced
4. Dairies
1. Family Herds
1. 50-200 cows
2. Most common
2. Large, specialized herds
1. 200+ to 10,000 cows
2. Highly efficient and specialized
5. DHIA
1. Dairy Herd Improvement Association
1. Dairy records and managing system
2. Collects and processes info; determines profitability; management, production, and cost
3. Comprehensive management tool
6. Breeding
1. Milk
2. 1 calf/cow/year
3. Healthy (dam maintain weight, get healthy before calving)
4. Mobility/hoof care
5. Handling
6. Longevity
7. Gestation- 285 days
8. Dry period- 60 days
9. 20 days to impregnate
7. Reproductive Challenges
1. Delayed breeding
1. Caused by poor nutrition
2. Heat detection
1. Short estrus cycle
2. Use aids to tell (patches, transmitters, crayons)
8. Breeds
1. Holstein- most milk
2. Jersey- high level of milk components
9. Milk Production
1. Peak yield at 2 months, then slowly declines until 305 days
2. Persistency- how well milk production is maintained after peak
10. Nutrition
1. Feed is 45-65% of cost
2. High quality feeds
3. Dependence on concentrated feeds- cereal grains; high energy levels
4. Negative energy balance in mother is a concern (putting out more nutrients than she is taking in)- causes body weight drop
5. Feeding systems
1. Pasture
1. Graze on high-quality pasture, fed concentrate at different time
2. Dry-Lot system
1. TMR- Total mixed ration- pasture and energy grains are mixed
2. Kept in confinement facilities
3. Pros: No parlor grain feeding; more control over feed; labor is less for feeding total herd; housing cost is less
4. Cons: Special equipment; cows have to be grouped by production levels
6. Herd Health
1. Mastitis
1. Bacterial inflammation of the udder (bacteria enter from outside environment)
2. Decreases quality and quantity of milk
3. Caused by poor sanitation, faulty milking, etc.
7. Milking Parlors
1. Machine- pulsating suction
2. Types of parlors
8. Calf Hutches
1. Keep disease from spreading
2. Prevent injury from suckling instinct

SHEEP/GOATS

1. Industry
1. Sheep- small in the US and declining
2. Goats- niche industry
1. Dairy, fiber, meat
1. Meat industry is growing
3. Purpose
1. Take advantage of forages/roughages
2. Milk, meat, fiber
1. Meat is most economically important
4. Sheep Industry
1. Lamb producers
2. Lamb feeders
1. 60-110 lbs
2. High energy diets
3. Harvested at 130-140 lbs for market
3. Lamb processors
4. Wool buyers/warehouses
5. Range Production
1. Produce majority of lamb and wool in US
2. Utilizes range lands
6. Farm Flock Production
1. Defined by size of operation
2. Variety of locations
3. Mostly >100 breeding ewes
4. Produce primarily meat lambs
5. High weaning rates desires to enhance economic return
6. Crossbreeding used
5. Goat Industry
1. Reference sheep industry
6. Sheep Breeding and Selection
1. Crossbreeding/heterosis
2. NSIP (National Sheep Improvement Program)
1. Helps make genetic decisions
2. Evaluated commercially important genetic traits
7. Sheep Breeds
1. Meat/Sire breeds
1. Growth and meat qualities
2. Wool/Dam/Ewe breeds
1. White-faced
2. Fine-wool types
3. Good mothering
4. Hardiness
5. Good wool
3. Dual-purpose breeds
4. Dairy Breeds
5. Hair Sheep Breeds
8. Sheep Reproductive Management
1. Short Day Breeders
2. Multiple lambs
3. Ewe lambs- 5-8 month puberty
4. 65% of mature size at first mating
9. Sheep Nutrition
1. Use forages and roughages
2. Limited amount of grain necessary
1. Flushing
2. Last trimester
3. First 6 weeks of lactation
10. Goat Breeds
1. Milk
2. Meat
3. Dual-purpose
4. Fiber
5. LARGE amount of diversity in traits
11. Goat Reproductive Management
1. Short Day Breeders
2. Good health and twinning ability and fertility
12. Challenges to Sheep and Goat Health
1. Gastrointestinal Parasitism
1. Nematode parasites- involve digestive tract
2. Can cause poor growth, weight loss, diarrhea, anemia
3. Worming programs
2. Pregnancy Toxemia/Twin Lamb Disease
1. Dams lose appetites, become depressed and uncoordinated, may become blind, go into coma and die if not treated

ANIMAL WELFARE

1. Use of technology
1. Changed society
2. Efficiency improved
3. Unaware of modern agrarian ethic
2. Period of Activism
1. Animal Rights Movement
1. Philosophy, sociology, public policy
2. Standing of animals in relation to humans
2. New Animal Ethic
1. Human Nature is protected by legal fences
2. Bill of Rights
3. Protects against suppression on individual interests
4. The question- do animals have natures?
5. Basis for society's def. of farm animal's natures
1. Anthropomorphism, children's stories, cartoons, movies, notion of family farm, etc.
6. Animal's wants vs. animal's needs
1. Anthropomorphism
2. Does a pig that has never seen a wallow want one?
7. Are animals natures the same as human natures?
3. New Notion of Animal Rights
1. Animals have natures, although they are different than human natures
2. Does not mean humans cannot use animals
3. Animal use must respect animal's basic natures
4. Not extremist
1. Welfare (trade-offs, basic needs, human care)
2. Rights (no trade-offs, abolitionists, vegans)
5. Defining Animal Welfare
1. Production of animal is not always a measure of individual well-being
2. Physiological measures
1. Blood parameters, hormones
3. Behavioral measures
1. Abnormal behavior, preference tests
4. Psychological well-being
1. No scientific information
5. NEEDS WORK AND RESEARCH ASAP

Animal Science Exam #3 Study Guide

1. LACTATION
1. Colostrum- First secretion; very high in protein; contains antibodies
2. Milk
3. Prolactin- ANTERIOR pituitary gland; Hormone which leads to milk production
4. Oxytocin- POSTERIOR pituitary gland;  causes letdown
5. Lactogenesis Stage I- Formation of colostrum
6. Lactogenesis Stage II- Regular milk production
7. Alveoli- Primary cell structures of mammary glands; transform nutrients from blood to milk
8. Milk Composition- Carbohydrates; Lipids (variable by species); Proteins; Calcium
9. Letdown- Milk release; can be conditioned; CNS stimulus; milk pushed out from contraction of secretory/alveolar cells
10. Milk Fever- Calcium necessary to make milk exceeds calcium intake; causes weakness in cows
11. BST- Protein growth hormone which causes increased milk production
12. Mastitis- Bacterial inflammation of mammary gland
13. Lactation Curve- Milk production peaks rapidly, declines slowly
14. Involution- Return of the mammary gland to pre-lactation form
2. Marketing
1. Vertical Integration-the control of two adjacent stages in the vertical marketing channel from producers to consumers
2. Contract Integration- When adjacent stages contract w/ each other for resources
3. Ownership Integration- Firms OWN the other resource stages
4. Fresh-packaged Product- traditional product
5. Value-Packaged Product- slightly improved product
6. Differentiated Product- improved, also has a brand name
3. Poultry
1. Broilers- 7 weeks for market; meat chicken;  highly integrated
2. Layers- 255 eggs/yr; egg laying
3. Turkeys
4. Class- From same geographic area
5. Breed- specific type of physical feature
6. Variety- subdivisions of breeds
7. Strain- family/breeding population
8. Nutrition- rapid digestion; high efficiency
9. Biosecurity- don't spread poultry
4. Animal Health
1. Disease- disorder of function that produces symptoms; changes normal functions
2. Etiology- cause of disease
3. Symptom- observable difference caused by disease
4. Lesion- change in body function
5. Vector- organism that transmits a disease
6. Reservoir- Place where disease lives comfortably and spreads itself; slowly effects the host
7. Zooinosis- diseases that can impact both humans and animals
8. Direct Cause
1. Infectious- Caused by living agents
2. Pathogens- living organism; cause damage to other organisms
3. Pathogenicity- measure of an organism's ability to cause disease
4. Virulence- How bad the disease gets
5. Contagion
6. Non-Infectious
9. Describing Disease
1. Clinical- observable symptoms
2. Sub-Clinical- disease present, but symptoms barely observable
3. Acute- either get better or DIE
4. Chronic
10. Defense
1. Antigen- Foreign substance that causes immune response in body
2. Antibodies- recognize infectious agents
3. Active Immunity- Host actively participates; long lasting
4. Passive Immunity- Ex: Gaining antibodies through colostrum; short lasting
11. All-in/all-out theory- all animals of an age born/live/leave together so they have an ecosystem of disease; no foreign disease
5. Animal Behavior
1. Ethology- Study of animal behavior
2. Critical Periods- Periods of development when characteristics/skills readily acquired
3. Classical Learning- Two stimuli paired; learned that they go together
4. Habituation- Learning to ignore stimuli that produces no effect
5. Operant Conditioning- Positive/negative reinforcement
6. Imprint Learning
7. Animal Communication
1. Flehman Response: Male ruminant lip curl in response to ovulation of female
8. Social Structure
9. Aggression
10. Livestock Behavior
1. Temperament: Fearful; Flight zone; No novelty
2. Vision: wide angle; see rapid movement; little depth perception
3. Hearing: sensitive
4. Herd behavior
11. Maternal Behavior
1. Pigs: nestbuilding; fights for teats
2. Sheep: Licking behavior; recognition; following
3. Cow: Grooming and bonding; licking; calves hide
4. Horses: thwart observation of calving; foal vocalization
12. Handling Practices
6. Beef Cattle
1. Stages
1. Cow-Calf: (up to 6-10 months); weaning
2. Stocker: (up to 12-20 months); grazing; skeletal growth
3. Feedlot: (16-30 months); grains; fattening up to be eaten
2. Breeding/Seedstock: Purebred seedstock; specialized; breeding value
3. British: Smaller; marbling ; mature quickly
4. Continental: Larger; higher yield; mature slower; lower quality
5. Zebu and Composites: heat and insect resistant; uncommon in US
6. Nutrition: Ruminant; maximize use of forages
7. Health

Beef Cattle

1. The Industry
1. Largest money-generating commodity
2. Purpose
1.  Make use of resources
2. Greatest economic gain
3. Structure
1. Animals change ownership when moving between phases
4. Stages
1. Cow-Calf
1. Grade or crossbred cows
2. Produces calves 6-10 mo.s of age to be sold
1. Age depends on maturation rate of cattle breed
3. Calves sold at weaning or retained on pasture
1. When winter feed has been saved up
2. Price of weaned calves is low
4. Most ranches have fewer than 100 cows
5. Goal=produce heaviest calves w/ least cost
2. Stocker
1. Produces feeder steers and heifers
2. 12-20 months
3. Limited amount of grain fed
4. Grazing
5. Growth program aimed at skeletal growth
3. Feedlot
1. Produces slaughter steers and heifers
2. 16-30 months
3. Ration is high in energy- additional fat
1. More grain
4. Endpoint is a quality carcass
4. Breeding/ Seedstock
1. Purebred seedstock production
1. Cows and bulls both purebred
2. Specialized
3. Bulls are grown and evaluated
4. Selling "breeding value"
2. Breeding Herd
1. 1 calf/cow/year
2. 100% calf crop
1.  (# calves weaned/# cows exposed to bull)
3. Calve in season
4. Heifers calve at age 2
3. Crossbred cows are better
1. Heterosis
2. Breed Groups
1. British
1. Mature and fatten early
2. Smaller at maturation
3. Ex: Angus
2. Continental
1. Later maturing
2. Larger at maturity
3. Less marbling
4. Higher yield
3. Zebu and Composites
1. Temperature and insect resistant
2. Composite Breeds- new breeds created by mixes
3. Nutrition
1. Ruminants
1. Maximize use of forages
4. Beef Cattle Health
1. Challenges
1. Adequate Nutrition
2. Good Sanitation
3. Vaccinations
4. Parasite control