Animal Science Exam #3 Study Guide

1. LACTATION
1. Colostrum- First secretion; very high in protein; contains antibodies
2. Milk
3. Prolactin- ANTERIOR pituitary gland; Hormone which leads to milk production
4. Oxytocin- POSTERIOR pituitary gland;  causes letdown
5. Lactogenesis Stage I- Formation of colostrum
6. Lactogenesis Stage II- Regular milk production
7. Alveoli- Primary cell structures of mammary glands; transform nutrients from blood to milk
8. Milk Composition- Carbohydrates; Lipids (variable by species); Proteins; Calcium
9. Letdown- Milk release; can be conditioned; CNS stimulus; milk pushed out from contraction of secretory/alveolar cells
10. Milk Fever- Calcium necessary to make milk exceeds calcium intake; causes weakness in cows
11. BST- Protein growth hormone which causes increased milk production
12. Mastitis- Bacterial inflammation of mammary gland
13. Lactation Curve- Milk production peaks rapidly, declines slowly
14. Involution- Return of the mammary gland to pre-lactation form
2. Marketing
1. Vertical Integration-the control of two adjacent stages in the vertical marketing channel from producers to consumers
2. Contract Integration- When adjacent stages contract w/ each other for resources
3. Ownership Integration- Firms OWN the other resource stages
4. Fresh-packaged Product- traditional product
5. Value-Packaged Product- slightly improved product
6. Differentiated Product- improved, also has a brand name
3. Poultry
1. Broilers- 7 weeks for market; meat chicken;  highly integrated
2. Layers- 255 eggs/yr; egg laying
3. Turkeys
4. Class- From same geographic area
5. Breed- specific type of physical feature
6. Variety- subdivisions of breeds
7. Strain- family/breeding population
8. Nutrition- rapid digestion; high efficiency
9. Biosecurity- don't spread poultry
4. Animal Health
1. Disease- disorder of function that produces symptoms; changes normal functions
2. Etiology- cause of disease
3. Symptom- observable difference caused by disease
4. Lesion- change in body function
5. Vector- organism that transmits a disease
6. Reservoir- Place where disease lives comfortably and spreads itself; slowly effects the host
7. Zooinosis- diseases that can impact both humans and animals
8. Direct Cause
1. Infectious- Caused by living agents
2. Pathogens- living organism; cause damage to other organisms
3. Pathogenicity- measure of an organism's ability to cause disease
4. Virulence- How bad the disease gets
5. Contagion
6. Non-Infectious
9. Describing Disease
1. Clinical- observable symptoms
2. Sub-Clinical- disease present, but symptoms barely observable
3. Acute- either get better or DIE
4. Chronic
10. Defense
1. Antigen- Foreign substance that causes immune response in body
2. Antibodies- recognize infectious agents
3. Active Immunity- Host actively participates; long lasting
4. Passive Immunity- Ex: Gaining antibodies through colostrum; short lasting
11. All-in/all-out theory- all animals of an age born/live/leave together so they have an ecosystem of disease; no foreign disease
5. Animal Behavior
1. Ethology- Study of animal behavior
2. Critical Periods- Periods of development when characteristics/skills readily acquired
3. Classical Learning- Two stimuli paired; learned that they go together
4. Habituation- Learning to ignore stimuli that produces no effect
5. Operant Conditioning- Positive/negative reinforcement
6. Imprint Learning
7. Animal Communication
1. Flehman Response: Male ruminant lip curl in response to ovulation of female
8. Social Structure
9. Aggression
10. Livestock Behavior
1. Temperament: Fearful; Flight zone; No novelty
2. Vision: wide angle; see rapid movement; little depth perception
3. Hearing: sensitive
4. Herd behavior
11. Maternal Behavior
1. Pigs: nestbuilding; fights for teats
2. Sheep: Licking behavior; recognition; following
3. Cow: Grooming and bonding; licking; calves hide
4. Horses: thwart observation of calving; foal vocalization
12. Handling Practices
6. Beef Cattle
1. Stages
1. Cow-Calf: (up to 6-10 months); weaning
2. Stocker: (up to 12-20 months); grazing; skeletal growth
3. Feedlot: (16-30 months); grains; fattening up to be eaten
2. Breeding/Seedstock: Purebred seedstock; specialized; breeding value
3. British: Smaller; marbling ; mature quickly
4. Continental: Larger; higher yield; mature slower; lower quality
5. Zebu and Composites: heat and insect resistant; uncommon in US
6. Nutrition: Ruminant; maximize use of forages
7. Health